The Level of Preparedness of Public Education Schools to Implement a Multi-Tiered Support System for Students with Behavioral and Emotional Disorders from the Perspective of School Principals
Keywords:
Multi-Tiered System of Support, Students with Behavioral and Emotional Disorders, School Principals
Abstract
The current study aimed to identify the degree of readiness of principals by measuring their knowledge to apply the multi-level support system to students with behavioral and emotional disorders in public schools, the degree of skill of principals in applying the multi-level support system with students with behavioral and emotional disorders in public schools, and the degree of beliefs of principals in applying the multi-level support system in public schools. The study sample consisted of (28) principals of public schools with programs for students with behavioral and emotional disorders in the city of Riyadh. A questionnaire was administered to them to identify the level of readiness of public schools to apply the multi-level support system with students with behavioral and emotional disorders from the perspective of school principals (prepared by the researchers). The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were verified, and using the descriptive analytical approach, the study concluded that the level of readiness of school principals to apply the multi-level support system with students with behavioral and emotional disorders was high. The axes were ranked as follows: skill readiness in first place, then the axis of readiness related to beliefs, and finally the axis of cognitive readiness in third place. The overall average for each axis was also high. Among the most important recommendations of the study: Generalizing and expanding the implementation of the Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) in public schools, leveraging the high level of preparedness among school principals to lead this transformation, and developing clear timelines for implementation.
References
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7. محمد بن سعود الإسلامية نحو التلاميذ ذوي الاضطرابات السلوكية والانفعالية. مجلة العلوم التربوية، ع17 ، 523 - 589. مسترجع من http://search.mandumah.com/Record/964265
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9. Al-Hendawi, M., Reed, E., & Kloos, B. (2021). Challenges and opportunities in implementing MTSS in Arab schools. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(2), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
10. Andersen, B. B., Brooks, J. A., & Ruth, E. T. (2023). The Impact of a Multi-Tiered System of Support Program at a Private College Prep High School (Doctoral dissertation, Lipscomb University).
11. Bobo, N., Clark, E., & Griffin, R. (2023). Designing school health services to provide Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) for all students. NASN School Nurse, 38(6), 328-336.
12. Bobyak, V. (2022). Student Growth as a Result of the Multi-Tier System of Support Model. Cedar Crest College.
13. Brown-Chidsey, R. (2024). MTSS in the Classroom: Special Education Teachers’ Experiences with a Multi-Tiered System of Supports. Exceptionality, 32(5), 349-363.
14. Daye, J. (2019). MTSS implementation Readiness in public schools with behaviorally and emotionally disturbed students: Teachers and Directors' perspectives (PhD Thesis, University of South Florida).
15. Dillard, C. (2017). Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) and Implementation Science. Thesis, California State University, Long Beach. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10286428
16. Disorders (3rd Edition) https://a.co/d/23QvPtQ.
17. Drake, A. D. (2024). Challenges Teachers Face When Implementing Multi-Tiered Systems of Supports: Recommendations and Interventions (Doctoral dissertation, Nova Southeastern University).
18. Fallon, L. M., Everett, S., La Salle, T. P., Luh, H. J., Feinberg, A., & Sugai, G. (2023). Multi-tiered Systems of Support: The What, Why, and How for School Counselors. In The School Counselor’s Guide to Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (pp. 1-27). Routledge.
19. Fennessey, K. (2023). Multi-Tiered Systems of Support Reading Intervention Effectiveness on Student Achievement After Extended Time Away From School. Missouri Baptist University.
20. Fien, H., Chard, D. J., & Baker, S. K. (2021). Can the evidence revolution and multi‐tiered systems of support improve education equity and reading achievement?. Reading Research Quarterly, 56, S105-S118.
21. Freeman, J., Simonsen, B., McCoach, D. B., Sugai, G., Lombardi, A., & Horner, R. (2020). An analysis of the relationship between implementation of school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports and high school dropout rates. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 22(1), 16-28. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
22. Gage, N. A., Whitford, D. K., & Katsiyannis, A. (2019). A review of school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports as a framework for reducing disciplinary exclusions. Journal of School Psychology, 73, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
23. Grimm, M. E. (2023). Public School Principals' Perceptions on the Readiness for Implementation of the Multi-Tiered Systems of Support Framework for Behaviorally and Emotionally Disturbed Students (PhD Thesis, Virginia State University).
24. Guest,J., Ross,R., Childs,T., Ascetta,K., Curcio,R. & Iachini,A. (2024). Embedding social emotional learning from the bottom up in multi‐tiered services and supports frameworks. Psychology in the Schools, 61, 2745–2761.
25. Jiménez-Captain, Y. (2022). The Impact of Multi-Tiered Systems of Supports on the Overrepresentation of Bilingual Students Within Special Education. Indiana Wesleyan University.
26. Johnson, M. K. (2022). An examination of teachers’ experiences with the multi-tiered system of support process for students with behavioral and emotional disorder (Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University). Liberty University Digital Commons
27. Kearney,C., Fensken,M & Dupont,R. (2025). Implementing multi-tiered systems of support in rural schools: a practice perspective for improving mental health care for underserved youths. Frontiers in Education, 1-17.
28. Kelly, M. S. (2024). Roles of Different Professionals Within a Multitiered System of Supports Framework. The School Services Sourcebook: A Guide for School-Based Professionals, 1.
29. Lewis, T. J., McIntosh, K., Simonsen, B., Mitchell, B. S., & Hatton, H. L. (2021). Evaluation of Schools' Readiness for multi-tiered systems of support for students with emotional/behavioral disorders. AERA Open, 3(2), 2332858417711428.
30. Loftus-Rattan, S. M., Wrightington, M., Furey, J., & Case, J. (2023). Multi-tiered system of supports: An ecological approach to school psychology service delivery. Teaching of Psychology, 50(1), 77-85.
31. Mahoney, M. (2020). Implementing multi-tiered systems of support with behaviorally/emotionally disturbed students according to principals and teachers: Requirements and impact. The Journal of Special Education Apprenticeship, 9(1), 1–24.
32. Marlowe, A. B. (2021). Multi-tiered system of supports in public schools: A case study examining effective MTSS implementation readiness for students with behavioral and emotional disorders (Doctoral dissertation, Gardner-Webb University).
33. Mcginnis, C. A. (2024). Student Support Teams Within an MTSS Framework: Are They Making Effective Decisions? (Doctoral dissertation, Southeastern Louisiana University).
34. McIntosh, K. & Goodman, S. (2016). Integrated Muli-tiered Systems of Support: Blending RTI and PBIS. New York, New York: The Guilford Press.
35. McMillan, S. M. (2024). Safeguards for Black and Brown High School Students: A Study Exploring Educators’ Experiences With Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) (Doctoral dissertation, Drexel University).
36. Miller,B., Taylor,K & Ryder,R. (2019). Introduction to Special Topic: Serving Children with Disabilities Within Multitiered Systems of Support. AERA Open, 5 (2), 1-6.
37. Morrison, J. Q., Newman, D. S., & Erickson, A. G. (2021). Process evaluation of literacy practices within a multi-tiered system of supports framework. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 37(2), 140-164.
38. Multi-Tiered System of Supports Practice Profile vs 5.0, Lansing, Michigan. https://2u.pw/hjmAu
39. Murdoch, A., Morrison, J. Q., & Strickler, W. (2024). Process Evaluation of a Problem-Solving Approach for Analyzing Literacy Practices within a Multi-Tiered System of Supports Framework. Behavior and Social Issues, 1-25.
40. Nichols, L. M., Mueller, S., & Donisthorpe, K. (2021). School Refusal in a Multi-Tiered System of Supports Model: Cognitive-Behavioral and Mindfulness Interventions. Journal of School Counseling, 19(2), n2.
41. Nitz, J., Brack, F., Hertel, S., Krull, J., Stephan, H., Hennemann, T., & Hanisch, C. (2023). Multi-tiered systems of support with focus on behavioral modification in elementary schools: A systematic review. Heliyon, 9(6).
42. Nitz,J., Brack,F., Hertel,S., Krull, K.,Stephan, H & Hanisch,C. (2023). Multi-tiered systems of support with focus on behavioral modification in elementary schools: A systematic review. Heliyon,9, 1-20.
43. Olsen, J., Betters-Bubon, J., & Edirmanasinghe, N. (2024). Is It Students or the System? Infusing a Culturally Sustaining Approach to Tier 2 Groups Within Multi-Tiered Systems of Support. Professional School Counseling, 28(1a), 2156759X241234926.
44. Perry, T. D. (2019). My role as an administrator in supporting the implementation of MTSS (Multi-Tiered Systems of Supports) Tier 3 students: A self-study in a public school system (Doctoral dissertation, Loyola University Chicago). https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3365
45. Polirstok, S., & Hogan, J. A. (2024). Implementation of RtI as a Part of Multi-Tiered Systems of Support: What Teachers, Administrators, and Teacher Educators Need to Know. Teaching and Learning, 16(2), 5-21.
46. Postell, D. M. (2024). Trauma-informed Care Practices Used in Multi-tiered Systems of Support (MTSS): A Qualitative Study (Doctoral dissertation, Kean University).
47. Raley, S. K., Hagiwara, M., Burke, K. M., Kiblen, J. C., & Shogren, K. A. (2023). Supporting all students to be self-determined: Using the self-determined learning model of instruction within multi-tiered systems of supports. Inclusive Practices, 2(1), 3-12.
48. Reyes, J. (2022). Navigating the Multi-Tiered System of Supports for Students with Anxiety Disorders: A School Psychologist Resource Guide. Alliant International University.
49. Rinaldi, C. C., & Serpa, M. D. (2022). The Role of a Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) and the Special Education Referral Process for English Learners. In Bilingual Special Education for the 21st Century: A New Interface (pp. 81-118). IGI Global.
50. Robinson, L. E., Clements, G., Drescher, A., El Sheikh, A., Milarsky, T. K., Hanebutt, R., ... & Rose, C. A. (2023). Developing a multi-tiered system of support-based plan for bullying prevention among students with disabilities: perspectives from general and special education teachers during professional development. School mental health, 15(3), 826-838.
51. Rosselli, M. M. (2024). Optimizing Student Support: A Multi-Tiered Approach to Enhance MTSS Implementation (Doctoral dissertation, Northeastern University).
52. Schwind, D. B., Orentlicher, M. L., & Handley-More, D. (2025). Using Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) to address activities of daily living, rest and sleep. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 1-6.
53. Sisk, D. M. (2022). Readiness of Implementation of Behavioral-Emotional Supports as Components of Existing Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) in Public Schools for the Behaviorally and Emotionally Disturbed Pupils (PhD Thesis, Russell Sage College).
54. Sugai, G., & Horner, R. R. (2020). Sustainability of systems-level evidence-based practices in schools: Current knowledge and future directions. Handbook of Research on Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
55. Thomas, E. R., Lembke, E. S., & Gandhi, A. G. (2023). Universal design for learning within an integrated multitiered system of support. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 38(1), 57-69.
56. Verde, M. (2022). How do Teachers Implementing the Multi-Tiered Systems of Support Framework Perceive Its Effectiveness in Relation to Reading Achievement in Their District?. Concordia University Chicago.
57. Verlenden,J., Naser,S & Brown,J. (2020). Steps in the Implementation of Universal Screening for Behavioral and Emotional Risk to Support Multi-Tiered Systems of Support: Two Case Studies. Journal Of Applied School Psychology, 1-41.
58. Weist, M. D., Eber, L., Horner, R., Splett, J., Putnam, R., Barrett, S., Perales, K., Fairchild, A. J., & Hoover, S. (2019).Factors of public schools' readiness to implement the multi-tiered systems of support for students with emotional/behavioral problems according to world trends. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 1–13.
59. Young, K. (2022). Multi-tiered systems support: A case study exploring the MTSS implementation readiness for students with emotional disturbance (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University). Northcentral University Digital Commons.
60. Zhang, J., Martella, R. C., Kang, S., & Yenioglu, B. Y. (2023). Response to Intervention (RTI)/Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS): A Nationwide Analysis. Journal of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, 7(1), n1.
2. الحسين، عبدالكريم بن حسين. (2018). اتجاهات طلاب كلية العلوم الاجتماعية بجامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية نحو التلاميذ ذوي الاضطرابات السلوكية والانفعالية. مجلة العلوم التربوية، ع17 ، 523 - 589. مسترجع من http://search.mandumah.com/Record/964265
3. وزارة التعليم. (1436) . الدليل التنظيمي للتربية الخاصة. مشروع الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز لتطوير التعليم.
4. أبو علام، رجاء محمود (2014) مناهج البحث في العلوم التربوية والنفسية . عمان: دار المسيرة.
5. الببلاوي، إيهاب ، والسيد،علي ، ومسلم،حسن (2015). مناهج واستراتيجيات ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة. دار الناشر الدولي .
6. الحسين، عبدالكريم بن حسين. (2018). اتجاهات طلاب كلية العلوم الاجتماعية بجامعة الإمام
7. محمد بن سعود الإسلامية نحو التلاميذ ذوي الاضطرابات السلوكية والانفعالية. مجلة العلوم التربوية، ع17 ، 523 - 589. مسترجع من http://search.mandumah.com/Record/964265
8. آل داود، حنان عبد العزيز، والحسين، عبد الكريم بن حسين. (2018). اتجاهات العاملين بالمدارس نحو استخدام دعم السلوك الإيجابي ومعوقات تطبيقه. المجلة السعودية للتربية الخاصة، 8، 81-105.http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1001870
9. Al-Hendawi, M., Reed, E., & Kloos, B. (2021). Challenges and opportunities in implementing MTSS in Arab schools. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(2), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
10. Andersen, B. B., Brooks, J. A., & Ruth, E. T. (2023). The Impact of a Multi-Tiered System of Support Program at a Private College Prep High School (Doctoral dissertation, Lipscomb University).
11. Bobo, N., Clark, E., & Griffin, R. (2023). Designing school health services to provide Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) for all students. NASN School Nurse, 38(6), 328-336.
12. Bobyak, V. (2022). Student Growth as a Result of the Multi-Tier System of Support Model. Cedar Crest College.
13. Brown-Chidsey, R. (2024). MTSS in the Classroom: Special Education Teachers’ Experiences with a Multi-Tiered System of Supports. Exceptionality, 32(5), 349-363.
14. Daye, J. (2019). MTSS implementation Readiness in public schools with behaviorally and emotionally disturbed students: Teachers and Directors' perspectives (PhD Thesis, University of South Florida).
15. Dillard, C. (2017). Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) and Implementation Science. Thesis, California State University, Long Beach. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10286428
16. Disorders (3rd Edition) https://a.co/d/23QvPtQ.
17. Drake, A. D. (2024). Challenges Teachers Face When Implementing Multi-Tiered Systems of Supports: Recommendations and Interventions (Doctoral dissertation, Nova Southeastern University).
18. Fallon, L. M., Everett, S., La Salle, T. P., Luh, H. J., Feinberg, A., & Sugai, G. (2023). Multi-tiered Systems of Support: The What, Why, and How for School Counselors. In The School Counselor’s Guide to Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (pp. 1-27). Routledge.
19. Fennessey, K. (2023). Multi-Tiered Systems of Support Reading Intervention Effectiveness on Student Achievement After Extended Time Away From School. Missouri Baptist University.
20. Fien, H., Chard, D. J., & Baker, S. K. (2021). Can the evidence revolution and multi‐tiered systems of support improve education equity and reading achievement?. Reading Research Quarterly, 56, S105-S118.
21. Freeman, J., Simonsen, B., McCoach, D. B., Sugai, G., Lombardi, A., & Horner, R. (2020). An analysis of the relationship between implementation of school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports and high school dropout rates. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 22(1), 16-28. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
22. Gage, N. A., Whitford, D. K., & Katsiyannis, A. (2019). A review of school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports as a framework for reducing disciplinary exclusions. Journal of School Psychology, 73, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
23. Grimm, M. E. (2023). Public School Principals' Perceptions on the Readiness for Implementation of the Multi-Tiered Systems of Support Framework for Behaviorally and Emotionally Disturbed Students (PhD Thesis, Virginia State University).
24. Guest,J., Ross,R., Childs,T., Ascetta,K., Curcio,R. & Iachini,A. (2024). Embedding social emotional learning from the bottom up in multi‐tiered services and supports frameworks. Psychology in the Schools, 61, 2745–2761.
25. Jiménez-Captain, Y. (2022). The Impact of Multi-Tiered Systems of Supports on the Overrepresentation of Bilingual Students Within Special Education. Indiana Wesleyan University.
26. Johnson, M. K. (2022). An examination of teachers’ experiences with the multi-tiered system of support process for students with behavioral and emotional disorder (Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University). Liberty University Digital Commons
27. Kearney,C., Fensken,M & Dupont,R. (2025). Implementing multi-tiered systems of support in rural schools: a practice perspective for improving mental health care for underserved youths. Frontiers in Education, 1-17.
28. Kelly, M. S. (2024). Roles of Different Professionals Within a Multitiered System of Supports Framework. The School Services Sourcebook: A Guide for School-Based Professionals, 1.
29. Lewis, T. J., McIntosh, K., Simonsen, B., Mitchell, B. S., & Hatton, H. L. (2021). Evaluation of Schools' Readiness for multi-tiered systems of support for students with emotional/behavioral disorders. AERA Open, 3(2), 2332858417711428.
30. Loftus-Rattan, S. M., Wrightington, M., Furey, J., & Case, J. (2023). Multi-tiered system of supports: An ecological approach to school psychology service delivery. Teaching of Psychology, 50(1), 77-85.
31. Mahoney, M. (2020). Implementing multi-tiered systems of support with behaviorally/emotionally disturbed students according to principals and teachers: Requirements and impact. The Journal of Special Education Apprenticeship, 9(1), 1–24.
32. Marlowe, A. B. (2021). Multi-tiered system of supports in public schools: A case study examining effective MTSS implementation readiness for students with behavioral and emotional disorders (Doctoral dissertation, Gardner-Webb University).
33. Mcginnis, C. A. (2024). Student Support Teams Within an MTSS Framework: Are They Making Effective Decisions? (Doctoral dissertation, Southeastern Louisiana University).
34. McIntosh, K. & Goodman, S. (2016). Integrated Muli-tiered Systems of Support: Blending RTI and PBIS. New York, New York: The Guilford Press.
35. McMillan, S. M. (2024). Safeguards for Black and Brown High School Students: A Study Exploring Educators’ Experiences With Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) (Doctoral dissertation, Drexel University).
36. Miller,B., Taylor,K & Ryder,R. (2019). Introduction to Special Topic: Serving Children with Disabilities Within Multitiered Systems of Support. AERA Open, 5 (2), 1-6.
37. Morrison, J. Q., Newman, D. S., & Erickson, A. G. (2021). Process evaluation of literacy practices within a multi-tiered system of supports framework. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 37(2), 140-164.
38. Multi-Tiered System of Supports Practice Profile vs 5.0, Lansing, Michigan. https://2u.pw/hjmAu
39. Murdoch, A., Morrison, J. Q., & Strickler, W. (2024). Process Evaluation of a Problem-Solving Approach for Analyzing Literacy Practices within a Multi-Tiered System of Supports Framework. Behavior and Social Issues, 1-25.
40. Nichols, L. M., Mueller, S., & Donisthorpe, K. (2021). School Refusal in a Multi-Tiered System of Supports Model: Cognitive-Behavioral and Mindfulness Interventions. Journal of School Counseling, 19(2), n2.
41. Nitz, J., Brack, F., Hertel, S., Krull, J., Stephan, H., Hennemann, T., & Hanisch, C. (2023). Multi-tiered systems of support with focus on behavioral modification in elementary schools: A systematic review. Heliyon, 9(6).
42. Nitz,J., Brack,F., Hertel,S., Krull, K.,Stephan, H & Hanisch,C. (2023). Multi-tiered systems of support with focus on behavioral modification in elementary schools: A systematic review. Heliyon,9, 1-20.
43. Olsen, J., Betters-Bubon, J., & Edirmanasinghe, N. (2024). Is It Students or the System? Infusing a Culturally Sustaining Approach to Tier 2 Groups Within Multi-Tiered Systems of Support. Professional School Counseling, 28(1a), 2156759X241234926.
44. Perry, T. D. (2019). My role as an administrator in supporting the implementation of MTSS (Multi-Tiered Systems of Supports) Tier 3 students: A self-study in a public school system (Doctoral dissertation, Loyola University Chicago). https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3365
45. Polirstok, S., & Hogan, J. A. (2024). Implementation of RtI as a Part of Multi-Tiered Systems of Support: What Teachers, Administrators, and Teacher Educators Need to Know. Teaching and Learning, 16(2), 5-21.
46. Postell, D. M. (2024). Trauma-informed Care Practices Used in Multi-tiered Systems of Support (MTSS): A Qualitative Study (Doctoral dissertation, Kean University).
47. Raley, S. K., Hagiwara, M., Burke, K. M., Kiblen, J. C., & Shogren, K. A. (2023). Supporting all students to be self-determined: Using the self-determined learning model of instruction within multi-tiered systems of supports. Inclusive Practices, 2(1), 3-12.
48. Reyes, J. (2022). Navigating the Multi-Tiered System of Supports for Students with Anxiety Disorders: A School Psychologist Resource Guide. Alliant International University.
49. Rinaldi, C. C., & Serpa, M. D. (2022). The Role of a Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) and the Special Education Referral Process for English Learners. In Bilingual Special Education for the 21st Century: A New Interface (pp. 81-118). IGI Global.
50. Robinson, L. E., Clements, G., Drescher, A., El Sheikh, A., Milarsky, T. K., Hanebutt, R., ... & Rose, C. A. (2023). Developing a multi-tiered system of support-based plan for bullying prevention among students with disabilities: perspectives from general and special education teachers during professional development. School mental health, 15(3), 826-838.
51. Rosselli, M. M. (2024). Optimizing Student Support: A Multi-Tiered Approach to Enhance MTSS Implementation (Doctoral dissertation, Northeastern University).
52. Schwind, D. B., Orentlicher, M. L., & Handley-More, D. (2025). Using Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) to address activities of daily living, rest and sleep. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 1-6.
53. Sisk, D. M. (2022). Readiness of Implementation of Behavioral-Emotional Supports as Components of Existing Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) in Public Schools for the Behaviorally and Emotionally Disturbed Pupils (PhD Thesis, Russell Sage College).
54. Sugai, G., & Horner, R. R. (2020). Sustainability of systems-level evidence-based practices in schools: Current knowledge and future directions. Handbook of Research on Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
55. Thomas, E. R., Lembke, E. S., & Gandhi, A. G. (2023). Universal design for learning within an integrated multitiered system of support. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 38(1), 57-69.
56. Verde, M. (2022). How do Teachers Implementing the Multi-Tiered Systems of Support Framework Perceive Its Effectiveness in Relation to Reading Achievement in Their District?. Concordia University Chicago.
57. Verlenden,J., Naser,S & Brown,J. (2020). Steps in the Implementation of Universal Screening for Behavioral and Emotional Risk to Support Multi-Tiered Systems of Support: Two Case Studies. Journal Of Applied School Psychology, 1-41.
58. Weist, M. D., Eber, L., Horner, R., Splett, J., Putnam, R., Barrett, S., Perales, K., Fairchild, A. J., & Hoover, S. (2019).Factors of public schools' readiness to implement the multi-tiered systems of support for students with emotional/behavioral problems according to world trends. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 1–13.
59. Young, K. (2022). Multi-tiered systems support: A case study exploring the MTSS implementation readiness for students with emotional disturbance (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University). Northcentral University Digital Commons.
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Published
2025-09-24
How to Cite
Rakan bin Abdulaziz Al-Duwais, & Prof. Dr. Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Othman. (2025). The Level of Preparedness of Public Education Schools to Implement a Multi-Tiered Support System for Students with Behavioral and Emotional Disorders from the Perspective of School Principals. Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, (124), 440-463. https://doi.org/10.33193/JALHSS.124.2025.1521
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Copyright (c) 2025 راكان بن عبد العزيز الدويس , أ.د. إبراهيم بن عبد الله العثمان
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