الضيق الجندري
الكلمات المفتاحية:
ضيق، جندر، ضيق جندري
الملخص
يُعد مصطلح الضيق الجندري من الموضوعات التي تحمل بُعداً نفسيا و اجتماعيا و طبيا في آنٍ واحدٍ ، و هذا ما يكسبه صبغة خاصة في ميدان البحث العلمي . و يتضمن هذا المصطلح الاشارة الى امتلاك الفرد لشعور قوي و مستمر بأن الجنس التشريحي له " الجنس البيولوجي " لا يتطابق مع الإحساس الداخلي له بكونه ذكراً أو أنثى أو مختلط أو محايد أو أي شيء آخر - كهوية جنسية - و هذا الشعور بعدم التطابق يسبب للفرد ضائقة كبيرة أو يضعف بشدة قدرته على العمل و الاندماج المجتمعي . و لا يصنف الضيق الجندري من ضمن الاضطرابات الجنسية و لا العقلية كما أشارت لذلك منظمة الصحة العالمية . و لاتزال أسباب حدوث الضيق غير واضحة ، لكن يعزو الباحثون ان تكون متلازمة عدم التحسس للاندروجين ، و تضخم الغدد الكظرية من الأسباب الكامنة وراء الاصابة به . يرتبط الضيق الجندري بعدد من الأزمات النفسية و الاضطرابات العقلية ، و تزداد نسب الانتحار بين الأفراد المصابين بالضيق الجندري بالمقارنة مع عموم السكان.
و في الختام ، تم التوصل الى ضرورة زيادة الوعي الأسري بالتغيرات الجندرية لأبنائهم و منذ الصغر و محاولة تسليط الضوء على الحالات الخاصة من القضايا الجندرية في وسائل الاعلام و تقليل حجم التوتر و العدائية نحو هذه الفئة .
المراجع
References
1- American Psychiatry Association (2013):Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.), Washington, DC and London, American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 451–460. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
2- American Psychiatry Association (2016) : What is Gender Dysphoria ?, American Psychiatric Publishing ,www.psychiatry.org .
3- Blanchard , Ray (1989) : The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias , Archives Of Sexual Behavior , Vol.18 , P.315-334 .
4- Brown , R. George (2019) : Gender Dysphoria and Transsexualism , East Tennessee State University .
5- Canadian Psychological Association CPA (2014) : Psychology Works” Fact Sheet: Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults ,https://cpa.ca/docs/File/Publications/FactSheets/PsychologyWorksFactSheet_GenderDysphoriaInAdolescentsAndAdults.pdf
6- Coleman E. et.al. (2011) : Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual , Transgender , and Gender - Nonconforming People , Version 7 , International Journal of Transgenderism , 13 .
7- Davy, Zowie; Toze, Michael.(2019) :"What Is Gender Dysphoria? A Critical Systematic Narrative Review", Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers.
8- de Jesus,Jaqueline Gomes ; Belden ,C. Micha ; Huynh Hy V. ;Malta ,Monica ; LeGrand ,Sara ; Kaza , Venkata Gopala Krishna &show all (2020) : Mental health and challenges of transgender women: a qualitative study in Brazil and India , https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1761923
9- Garcia-Falgueras A.& Swaab , D.F.(2010) : Sexual Hormones and the Brain: An Essential Alliance for Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation , Vol. 17, P. 22–35 ,
https://doi.org/10.1159/000262525
10- Gerg , Garima ; Elshimy , Ghada ; Marwaha , Raman (2020) :Gender Dysphoria ( Sexual Identity Disorders ), StatPeral Publishing LLC. , Bookshelf ID: NBK532313PMID: 30335346
11- Gliske , Stephen V. (2019) : A New Theory of Gender Dysphoria Incorporating the Distress, Social Behavioral, and Body-Ownership Networks , Cognition and Behavior , eNeuro 2 December 2019, 6 (6) ENEURO.0183-19.2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0183-19.2019 .
12- Guillamon , Antonio ; Junque , Carme & Go'mes - Gil4 , Esther (2016) : A Review of the Status of Brain Structure Research in Transsexualism , Arch Sex Behav. , 45, p.1615–1648 , doi: 10.1007/s10508-016-0768-5 .
13- Hare L, Bernard P, Sánchez FJ, Baird PN, Vilain E, Kennedy T & Harley VR (January 2009): "Androgen receptor repeat length polymorphism associated with male-to-female Transsexualism", Biological Psychiatry , 65 (1) , p. 93–6 , doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.033. PMC 3402034. PMID 18962445
14- Heino R. , Kaltiala et.al. (2018) : Gender Dysphoria in Adolescence : Current Perspective , Dove Medical Press Limited , dovepress.com .
15- Hull , Megan (2019) : Gender Dysphoria Statistic , The Recovery Village.
16- Knudson , Gail ; Cuypere , Griet D. ; Bockting , Walter ( 2011) : Second Response of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health to the Proposed Revision of the Diagnosis of Transvestic Disorder for DSM 5 ,P. 9-12 , https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2011.606195
17- Lewis , Sophie (2019) : World Health Organization removes "gender identity disorder" from list of mental illnesses , CBS News .
18- Reisner , Sari L. et.al. (2017) : Social Epidemiology for Depression and Anxiety by Gender Identity , Journal of Adolescence Health , 59(2) .
19- Saleem , Fatima & Rizvi , Syed W. (2017) : Transgender Associations and Possible Etiology: A Literature Review , Cureus , 9(12) .
20-Skagerberg ,Elin ; Davidson , Sarah &Carmichael , Polly (2013) :Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in a Group of Young People with Gender Dysphoria , P.105-112 , https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2013.822340 .
21- Treharne , Gareth J. ; Riggs , Damien W. ; Ellis , Sanja J. ; Flett , Jayda A.M. & Bartholomaeus , Clare (2020) : Suicidality, self-harm, and their correlates among transgender and Cisgender people living in Aotearoa/New Zealand or Australia ,
https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1795959
22- Vega , Elena - Garcia et.al. (2018) : Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in persons with Gender Dysphoria ,Psicothema , Vol.30 , No.3.
23- World Health Organization W.H.O.( 2016 ) : International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)-WHO Version for , www.who.int .
24- World Health Organization W.H.O. (2017) : Gender, women and health "What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?" , www.who.int/gender/whatisgender .
25- Zucker , Kenneth J. et.al. (2015) : Gender Dysphoria in Adults , The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , Vol.11 , No.55 .
1- American Psychiatry Association (2013):Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.), Washington, DC and London, American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 451–460. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
2- American Psychiatry Association (2016) : What is Gender Dysphoria ?, American Psychiatric Publishing ,www.psychiatry.org .
3- Blanchard , Ray (1989) : The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias , Archives Of Sexual Behavior , Vol.18 , P.315-334 .
4- Brown , R. George (2019) : Gender Dysphoria and Transsexualism , East Tennessee State University .
5- Canadian Psychological Association CPA (2014) : Psychology Works” Fact Sheet: Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults ,https://cpa.ca/docs/File/Publications/FactSheets/PsychologyWorksFactSheet_GenderDysphoriaInAdolescentsAndAdults.pdf
6- Coleman E. et.al. (2011) : Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual , Transgender , and Gender - Nonconforming People , Version 7 , International Journal of Transgenderism , 13 .
7- Davy, Zowie; Toze, Michael.(2019) :"What Is Gender Dysphoria? A Critical Systematic Narrative Review", Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers.
8- de Jesus,Jaqueline Gomes ; Belden ,C. Micha ; Huynh Hy V. ;Malta ,Monica ; LeGrand ,Sara ; Kaza , Venkata Gopala Krishna &show all (2020) : Mental health and challenges of transgender women: a qualitative study in Brazil and India , https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1761923
9- Garcia-Falgueras A.& Swaab , D.F.(2010) : Sexual Hormones and the Brain: An Essential Alliance for Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation , Vol. 17, P. 22–35 ,
https://doi.org/10.1159/000262525
10- Gerg , Garima ; Elshimy , Ghada ; Marwaha , Raman (2020) :Gender Dysphoria ( Sexual Identity Disorders ), StatPeral Publishing LLC. , Bookshelf ID: NBK532313PMID: 30335346
11- Gliske , Stephen V. (2019) : A New Theory of Gender Dysphoria Incorporating the Distress, Social Behavioral, and Body-Ownership Networks , Cognition and Behavior , eNeuro 2 December 2019, 6 (6) ENEURO.0183-19.2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0183-19.2019 .
12- Guillamon , Antonio ; Junque , Carme & Go'mes - Gil4 , Esther (2016) : A Review of the Status of Brain Structure Research in Transsexualism , Arch Sex Behav. , 45, p.1615–1648 , doi: 10.1007/s10508-016-0768-5 .
13- Hare L, Bernard P, Sánchez FJ, Baird PN, Vilain E, Kennedy T & Harley VR (January 2009): "Androgen receptor repeat length polymorphism associated with male-to-female Transsexualism", Biological Psychiatry , 65 (1) , p. 93–6 , doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.033. PMC 3402034. PMID 18962445
14- Heino R. , Kaltiala et.al. (2018) : Gender Dysphoria in Adolescence : Current Perspective , Dove Medical Press Limited , dovepress.com .
15- Hull , Megan (2019) : Gender Dysphoria Statistic , The Recovery Village.
16- Knudson , Gail ; Cuypere , Griet D. ; Bockting , Walter ( 2011) : Second Response of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health to the Proposed Revision of the Diagnosis of Transvestic Disorder for DSM 5 ,P. 9-12 , https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2011.606195
17- Lewis , Sophie (2019) : World Health Organization removes "gender identity disorder" from list of mental illnesses , CBS News .
18- Reisner , Sari L. et.al. (2017) : Social Epidemiology for Depression and Anxiety by Gender Identity , Journal of Adolescence Health , 59(2) .
19- Saleem , Fatima & Rizvi , Syed W. (2017) : Transgender Associations and Possible Etiology: A Literature Review , Cureus , 9(12) .
20-Skagerberg ,Elin ; Davidson , Sarah &Carmichael , Polly (2013) :Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in a Group of Young People with Gender Dysphoria , P.105-112 , https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2013.822340 .
21- Treharne , Gareth J. ; Riggs , Damien W. ; Ellis , Sanja J. ; Flett , Jayda A.M. & Bartholomaeus , Clare (2020) : Suicidality, self-harm, and their correlates among transgender and Cisgender people living in Aotearoa/New Zealand or Australia ,
https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1795959
22- Vega , Elena - Garcia et.al. (2018) : Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in persons with Gender Dysphoria ,Psicothema , Vol.30 , No.3.
23- World Health Organization W.H.O.( 2016 ) : International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)-WHO Version for , www.who.int .
24- World Health Organization W.H.O. (2017) : Gender, women and health "What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?" , www.who.int/gender/whatisgender .
25- Zucker , Kenneth J. et.al. (2015) : Gender Dysphoria in Adults , The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , Vol.11 , No.55 .
منشور
2020-10-06
كيفية الاقتباس
م.د. ريم خميس مهدي. (2020). الضيق الجندري. Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, (59), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.33193/JALHSS.59.2020.275
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