Morning Cortisol Patterns in Mental Health
(Depression, Anxiety, and Stress)
الكلمات المفتاحية:
Cortisol dysregulation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, depression, anxiety, stress, cortisol awakening response
الملخص
Cortisol is well known as a hormone that is released as a repones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which was found to be associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. However, the role of morning cortisol patterns, particularly the cortisol awakening response, remains unclear. This study aimed to demonstrate the association between morning cortisol levels and mental health conditions. 88 participants have been included to undergo a blood test to measure the morning blood cortisol and depression, anxiety and stress levels were measured using Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21. The findings indicated that individuals with depressive symptoms not anxiety or stress showed elevated morning cortisol. This study concludes that morning blood cortisol could be used as an early detector for depression.
المراجع
1. Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176-181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
2. Bhagwagar, Z., Hafizi, S., & Cowen, P. J. (2005). Increased salivary cortisol after waking in depression. Psychopharmacology, 182(1), 54-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0077-6
3. Biggio, G., & Mostallino, M. C. (2009). Stress, cortisol, neuronal plasticity, and depression: Implications for antidepressant treatments. Neuroscience, 164(2), 469-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.052
4. Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X
5. Burke, H. M., Davis, M. C., Otte, C., & Mohr, D. C. (2005). Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(9), 846-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.010
6. Clow, A., Thorn, L., Evans, P., & Hucklebridge, F. (2004). The awakening cortisol response: Methodological issues and significance. Stress, 7(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890410001667205
7. Dedovic, K., & Ngiam, J. (2015). The cortisol awakening response and major depression: Examining the evidence. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 1181-1189. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S62289
8. Doolin, K., Farrell, C., Tozzi, L., & Frodl, T. (2017). Diurnal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Measures and Inflammatory Markers in Major Depressive Disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 75, 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.017
9. Farrell, C., Tozzi, L., & Frodl, T. (2017). Diurnal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Measures and Inflammatory Markers in Major Depressive Disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 75, 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.017
10. Hellhammer, D. H., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009). Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(2), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026
11. Kurina, L. M., Schneider, B., & Waite, L. J. (2001). Stress, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and cortisol patterns in older adults. Health Psychology, 20(4), 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.20.4.312
12. Mikulska, J., Juszczyk, G., Gawrońska-Grzywacz, M., & Herbet, M. (2021). HPA Axis in the Pathomechanism of Depression and Schizophrenia: New Therapeutic Strategies Based on Its Participation. Brain Sciences, 11(10), 1298. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101298
13. Pruessner, M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2003). Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(5), 824-830. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000088583.43450.54
14. Stetler, C., & Miller, G. E. (2011). Depression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation: A quantitative summary of four decades of research. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73(2), 114-126. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31820ad12b
15. Vreeburg, S. A., Hoogendijk, W. J., DeRijk, R. H., van Dyck, R., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. (2010). Salivary cortisol levels in persons with and without different anxiety disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(4), 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d2f0c8
2. Bhagwagar, Z., Hafizi, S., & Cowen, P. J. (2005). Increased salivary cortisol after waking in depression. Psychopharmacology, 182(1), 54-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0077-6
3. Biggio, G., & Mostallino, M. C. (2009). Stress, cortisol, neuronal plasticity, and depression: Implications for antidepressant treatments. Neuroscience, 164(2), 469-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.052
4. Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X
5. Burke, H. M., Davis, M. C., Otte, C., & Mohr, D. C. (2005). Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(9), 846-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.010
6. Clow, A., Thorn, L., Evans, P., & Hucklebridge, F. (2004). The awakening cortisol response: Methodological issues and significance. Stress, 7(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890410001667205
7. Dedovic, K., & Ngiam, J. (2015). The cortisol awakening response and major depression: Examining the evidence. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 1181-1189. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S62289
8. Doolin, K., Farrell, C., Tozzi, L., & Frodl, T. (2017). Diurnal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Measures and Inflammatory Markers in Major Depressive Disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 75, 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.017
9. Farrell, C., Tozzi, L., & Frodl, T. (2017). Diurnal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Measures and Inflammatory Markers in Major Depressive Disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 75, 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.017
10. Hellhammer, D. H., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009). Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(2), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026
11. Kurina, L. M., Schneider, B., & Waite, L. J. (2001). Stress, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and cortisol patterns in older adults. Health Psychology, 20(4), 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.20.4.312
12. Mikulska, J., Juszczyk, G., Gawrońska-Grzywacz, M., & Herbet, M. (2021). HPA Axis in the Pathomechanism of Depression and Schizophrenia: New Therapeutic Strategies Based on Its Participation. Brain Sciences, 11(10), 1298. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101298
13. Pruessner, M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2003). Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(5), 824-830. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000088583.43450.54
14. Stetler, C., & Miller, G. E. (2011). Depression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation: A quantitative summary of four decades of research. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73(2), 114-126. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31820ad12b
15. Vreeburg, S. A., Hoogendijk, W. J., DeRijk, R. H., van Dyck, R., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. (2010). Salivary cortisol levels in persons with and without different anxiety disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(4), 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d2f0c8
منشور
2024-10-16
كيفية الاقتباس
Ridwan M. Alomri. (2024). Morning Cortisol Patterns in Mental Health: (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress). Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, (113), 428-439. https://doi.org/10.33193/JALHSS.113.2024.1263
إصدار
القسم
المقالات
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2024 Ridwan M. Alomri
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