واقع التعليم العام في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
(دراسة وصفية)
الكلمات المفتاحية:
المدارس في الولايات المتحدة، نظام التعليم في الولايات المتحدة، قضايا التعليم
الملخص
تبرز مؤسسات التعليم في الولايات المتحدة كواحدة من أفضل المؤسسات التعليمية في العالم، مما يدفع الباحثين إلى محاولة اكتشاف واقع التعليم في تلك الدولة. وتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى اكتشاف واقع تعليم ما قبل الجامعي في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. وقد استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي للوصول إلى إجابات لتساؤلات الدراسة. وتسعى الدراسة إلى التعرف على ثلاثة جوانب لواقع التعليم العام في الولايات المتحدة. الجانب الأول هو التعرّف على المعلومات والإحصائيات الحديثة حول النظام التعليمي والمدارس العامة، والثاني هو التعرّف على الجهات المشرفة على المدارس العامة وطرق تمويل المدارس العامة، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن تمويلها يتم من ثلاث جهات، والثالث هو اكتشاف القضايا والتحديات التي تواجه المدارس العامة في الولايات المتحدة في الأعوام القليلة السابقة، وناقشت الدراسة عددًا من القضايا ذات الصلة بالموضوع مثل قضايا الاختبارات المعيارية وتمويل المدارس والعدالة الاجتماعية، وتفاوت الرواتب بين المعلمين والمعلمات في التعليم العام وغيرها من الموضوعات.
المراجع
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27. Tan, G., Gupta, A., Wilgus, G., & Wilgus, G. (2019). From a nation at risk to no child left behind to race to the top: The US response to global competition. Investment in early childhood education in a globalized world: Policies, practices, and parental philosophies in China, India, and the United States, 107-158.
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31. Zhao, Y. (2014). Who's afraid of the big bad dragon?: Why China has the best (and worst) education system in the world. John Wiley & Sons.
2. Creamer, J., Shrider, E. A., Burns, K., & Chen, F. (2022). Poverty in the United States: 2021. US Census Bureau.
3. DeAngelis, C. A., & Makridis, C. (2021). Are school reopening decisions related to union influence?. Social Science Quarterly, 102(5), 2266-2284.
4. Duplantis, M. M., Chandler, T. D., & Geske, T. G. (1995). The growth and impact of teachers' unions in states without collective bargaining legislation. Economics of Education Review, 14(2), 167-178.
5. Floden, R. E., Richmond, G., & Salazar, M. (2020). A nation at risk or a nation in progress? Naming the way forward through research in teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 71(2), 169-171.
6. Fraser, J. W. (2014). The school in the United States: A documentary history. Routledge.
7. Gibbs, C. L. (2023). Racing Towards the Supreme Court? Second Circuit Dismisses Challenge to Connecticut Policy Letting Transgender Girls Compete in High School Sports. LGBT Law Notes, 1-2.
8. Goldstein, D. (2015). The teacher wars: A history of America's most embattled profession. Anchor.
9. Houston, D. M., & Henig, J. R. (2023). The “Good” Schools: Academic Performance Data, School Choice, and Segregation. AERA Open, 9, 23328584231177666.
10. Hursh, D. (2005). The growth of high‐stakes testing in the USA: accountability, markets and the decline in educational equality. British Educational Research Journal, 31(5), 605-622.
11. Irwin, V. J. X. S. K. A. C. A. F. R., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Hein, S., Wang, K., Roberts, A., ... & Parker, S. (2023). Report on the condition of education 2022. US Department of Education: National Center for Education Statistics, 2022-144.
12. Katsiyannis, A., Rapa, L. J., Whitford, D. K., & Scott, S. N. (2023). An examination of US school mass shootings, 2017–2022: Findings and implications. Advances in neurodevelopmental disorders, 7(1), 66-76.
13. Kowalski, T. J. (2006). Evolution of the school superintendent as communicator. Communication Education, 54(2), 101-117.
14. Kowalski, T. J., & Brunner, C. C. (2011). The school superintendent: Roles, challenges, and issues. Sage handbook of educational leadership: Advances in theory, research, and practice.
15. Kraus, L. L., & Stevens, R. L. (2019). Brown v. Board of Education to ESSA: Sixty Years of Educational Change?. NATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE, 252, 56.
16. Lee, J. H. (2013). School shootings in the US public schools: Analysis through the eyes of an educator. Review of Higher Education & Self-Learning, 6(22).
17. Monarrez, T., Kisida, B., & Chingos, M. (2022). The effect of charter schools on school segregation. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 14(1), 301-340.
18. Osborne, D. (2017). Reinventing America's schools: Creating a 21st century education system. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
19. Peterson, C. E. (1964). The Common School Adovcate: Molder of the Public Mind. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908-1984), 57(3), 261-269.
20. Ravitch, D. (2016). The death and life of the great American school system: How testing and choice are undermining education. Basic books.
21. Reese, W. J. (2011). America's public schools: From the common school to" no child left behind". JHU Press.
22. Shannon, J. H., & Hunter Jr, R. J. (2020). The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Beyond Race to Employment Discrimination Based on Sex: The'Three Letter Word'That Has Continued to Vex Society and The United States Supreme Court. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 3(3).
23. Sowell, T. (2020). Charter schools and their enemies. Hachette UK.
24. Spring, J. (2020). The politics of American education. Taylor & Francis.
25. Spring, J. (2021). Deculturalization and the struggle for equality: A brief history of the education of dominated cultures in the United States. Routledge.
26. Sutcher, L., Darling-Hammond, L., & Carver-Thomas, D. (2019). Understanding teacher shortages: An analysis of teacher supply and demand in the United States. Education policy analysis archives, 27(35).
27. Tan, G., Gupta, A., Wilgus, G., & Wilgus, G. (2019). From a nation at risk to no child left behind to race to the top: The US response to global competition. Investment in early childhood education in a globalized world: Policies, practices, and parental philosophies in China, India, and the United States, 107-158.
28. U.S. Department of Education.(2023). About us.U.S. Department of Education. Retreved from https://www2.ed.gov/about/landing.jhtml
29. Vargas, N. (2022). Mexican American immigrants: social work students’ perspectives (Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Sacramento).
30. Weiner, L. (2012). The future of our schools: Teachers unions and social justice. Haymarket Books.
31. Zhao, Y. (2014). Who's afraid of the big bad dragon?: Why China has the best (and worst) education system in the world. John Wiley & Sons.
منشور
2023-07-14
كيفية الاقتباس
د. سعود غسان البشر. (2023). واقع التعليم العام في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية: (دراسة وصفية). Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, (93), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.33193/JALHSS.93.2023.854
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