Gender Differences in the Use of Linguistic Forms in the Speech of Men and Women in the Saudi Context
الكلمات المفتاحية:
Saudi gender, minimal responses, overlapping, interruption
الملخص
This study investigates the differences between Saudi males and females in the use of three linguistic features. These features include minimal responses, overlapping, and interruption, in the oral performance of Saudi speakers. Minimal responses are verbal and non-verbal indicators of a person’s participation in a conversation. Overlapping means covering part of the same area whereas interruption stands for the action of interrupting or being interrupted. The data are collected from a Television Program presented on MBC1 Channel. The program is called Heya wa Howa (She & He). The major aim of this study is to determine if there is any correlation between gender and the use of the three linguistic features mentioned earlier. These features are selected from many features that may characterize the speech of any interlocutors discussing different affairs. Four episodes or interviews are randomly selected to be used for data analysis. For that purpose, the researcher has used the strategies of Erosy (2008). Each episode or interview continued for 45 minutes without breaks or interruptions. All episodes or interviews are taken from Shahid.Net which is accessible to any person who wants to follow news or films on TV. The data analysis has revealed that females use minimal responses more often and with higher frequency than males. However, the researcher has found a significant difference between males and females in the use of overlapping and interruption features in favour of male speakers.
المراجع
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8. Episode No.1 retrieved from Shahid. Net (2022):
https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/shows/%D9%87%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-2018-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-1/episode-300660
9. Episode No.2 retrieved from Shahid. Net (2022):
https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/shows/%D9%87%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-2018-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-2/episode-300701
10. Episode No.3 retrieved from Sahid. Net (2022):
https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/shows/%D9%87%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-2018-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-23/episode-304144
11. Episode No.4 retrieved from Shahid. Net (2022):
12. https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/shows/%D9%87%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-2018-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-24/episode-304269
13. Ersoy, S. (2008). Men Compete, Women Collaborate: A Study on Collaborative vs Competitive Communication Styles in Mixed-Sex Conversation. Retrieved from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:231309/fulltext01
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24. Leaper, C. & Ayres, M. M. (2007). A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Variations in Adults’ Language Use: Talkativeness, Affiliative Speech, and Assertive Speech. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11: 328-363.
25. MacGeorge, E. L., Graves, A. R., Feng, B., Gillihan, S. J., & Burleson, B. R. (2004). The Myth of Gender Cultures: Similarities Outweigh Differences in Men’s and Women’s Provision of and Responses to Supportive Communication. Sex Roles, 50(3/4): 143-175.
26. Michaud, S. L., & Warner, R. M. (1997). Gender Differences in Self-Reported Response to Troubles Talk. Sex Roles, 37, 527– 540.
27. Nemati, A. & Bayer, J. M. (2007). Gender Differences in the Use of Linguistic Forms in the Speech of Men and Women: A Comparative Study of Persian and English. Language in India, 7, 1-16.
28. Phoophet, B. (2017). Gender Differences in Language Use: A Comparative Study of Linguistic Features Used in American and Thai Movies. Master Thesis: Burapha University.
29. Pilkington, J. (1998). Don’t Try and Make out that I’m Nice! The Different Strategies Women and Men Use when Gossiping. In: C. Jennifer (Ed.), Language and Gender: A reader, (254-269). Blackwell, Ox- ford.
30. Romaine, S. (2003). Variation in Language and Gender. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The Handbook of Language and Gender (98-118). Malden: Blackwell.
31. Smith, S., & Cook, C. A. (2008). Gender Stereotypes: An Analysis of Popular Films and TV. Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, 208, 12-23.
32. Stubbs, K. (2014). The Effects of Gender on Interruption among Peers. Master Thesis: East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States.
33. Stenstrom, A. B. (1994). An Introduction to Spoken Interaction. London: Longman Group UK Limited.
34. Subon, F. (2013). Gender Differences in the Use of Linguistic Forms in the Speech of Men and Women in the Malaysian Context. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 13(3), 67-79.
35. Talbot, M (1992). I Wish You’d Stop Interrupting Me: Interruptions and Asymmetries in Speaker Rights in ‘Unequal Encounters. Centre for Language in Social Life- Working Paper 21, Lancaster University.
36. Tannen, D. (1992). You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. London: Virago Press.
37. Tannen, D. (1993). Gender and Conversational Interaction. New York: Oxford University Press.
38. Xu, Y. (2009). Gender Differences in Mixed-Sex Conversations: A Study of Interruptions. Retrieved from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:303562/FULLTEXT02
39. West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1975). Sex Role, Interruptions, and Silence in Conversation. In B. Thorne & N. Henley (Eds.), Language and Sex (105-129). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
40. West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1983). Small Insults: A Study of Interruptions in Cross-Sex Conversations between Unacquainted Persons. In B. Thorne, C. Kramarae, & N. Henley (Eds.) Language, Gender and Society. Cambridge, MA: Newbury House.
2. Altman, R., Bjornstad, D., Bohde, R., Ewing, A., Otto, S., Pusack, J., Shoemaker, P., & Skolund, S. (1999). PICS Videoguildlines. Retrieved from http://www.uiowa.edu/~pics/tips.html
3. Amir, Z., Abidin, H., Darus, S., & Ismail, K. (2012). Gender Differences in the Language Use of Malaysian Teen Bloggers. GEMA: Online Journal of Language Studies, 12(1), 105-124.
4. Basow & Rubenfeld (2003), Troubles talk": Effects of gender and gender-typing. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 48(3-4), 183–187.
5. Björnberg, M. (2007). Conversational Effects of Gender and Children’s Moral Reasoning. Master Thesis: Linköpings Universitet.
6. Coates, J. (Ed.) (1998). Language and gender: A Reader. London: Blackwell Publishing.
7. Coates, J. (2004). Women, Men, and Language: A Sociolinguistic Account of Gender Differences in Language. Pearson Education.
8. Episode No.1 retrieved from Shahid. Net (2022):
https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/shows/%D9%87%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-2018-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-1/episode-300660
9. Episode No.2 retrieved from Shahid. Net (2022):
https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/shows/%D9%87%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-2018-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-2/episode-300701
10. Episode No.3 retrieved from Sahid. Net (2022):
https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/shows/%D9%87%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-2018-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-23/episode-304144
11. Episode No.4 retrieved from Shahid. Net (2022):
12. https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/shows/%D9%87%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-2018-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-24/episode-304269
13. Ersoy, S. (2008). Men Compete, Women Collaborate: A Study on Collaborative vs Competitive Communication Styles in Mixed-Sex Conversation. Retrieved from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:231309/fulltext01
14. Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman Group UK Limited.
15. Fang, S. (2008). An Analysis of Gender Differences in Minimal Responses Based on the Cartoon Show The Simpsons. Retrieved from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:228731/FULLTEXT01
16. Fei, Z. (2010). An Analysis of Gender Differences in Interruption based on the American TV series Friends. Elective Course: Kristianstad University.
17. Holmes, J. (1995). Women, Men and Politeness. London: Longman.
18. Hussein, A. M. (2020). Turn-Taking and Gender Dominance Issue. IJRSSH, 10(2): 172-177.
19. James, D., & Clarke, S. (1993). Women, Men, and Interruptions: A Critical Review. In D. Tannen (Ed.), Gender and Conversational Interaction (231–280). Oxford University Press.
20. Johnson, S. (1997). Language and Masculinity. UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
21. LaFrance, M. (1992). Gender and Interruptions Individual Infraction or Violation of the Social Order? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16(4), 497-512.
22. Laing, V. (2004). Miscommunication in Mixed-Sex Conversation: Differing Interpretations of Interruptions. PhD Dissertation: Lancaster University.
23. Lazzaro-Salazar, M. (2009). The Role of Overlaps in Intercultural Workplace Interaction. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/MY/Downloads/The_Role_of_Overlaps_in_Intercultural_Workplace_In%20(8).pdf
24. Leaper, C. & Ayres, M. M. (2007). A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Variations in Adults’ Language Use: Talkativeness, Affiliative Speech, and Assertive Speech. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11: 328-363.
25. MacGeorge, E. L., Graves, A. R., Feng, B., Gillihan, S. J., & Burleson, B. R. (2004). The Myth of Gender Cultures: Similarities Outweigh Differences in Men’s and Women’s Provision of and Responses to Supportive Communication. Sex Roles, 50(3/4): 143-175.
26. Michaud, S. L., & Warner, R. M. (1997). Gender Differences in Self-Reported Response to Troubles Talk. Sex Roles, 37, 527– 540.
27. Nemati, A. & Bayer, J. M. (2007). Gender Differences in the Use of Linguistic Forms in the Speech of Men and Women: A Comparative Study of Persian and English. Language in India, 7, 1-16.
28. Phoophet, B. (2017). Gender Differences in Language Use: A Comparative Study of Linguistic Features Used in American and Thai Movies. Master Thesis: Burapha University.
29. Pilkington, J. (1998). Don’t Try and Make out that I’m Nice! The Different Strategies Women and Men Use when Gossiping. In: C. Jennifer (Ed.), Language and Gender: A reader, (254-269). Blackwell, Ox- ford.
30. Romaine, S. (2003). Variation in Language and Gender. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The Handbook of Language and Gender (98-118). Malden: Blackwell.
31. Smith, S., & Cook, C. A. (2008). Gender Stereotypes: An Analysis of Popular Films and TV. Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, 208, 12-23.
32. Stubbs, K. (2014). The Effects of Gender on Interruption among Peers. Master Thesis: East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States.
33. Stenstrom, A. B. (1994). An Introduction to Spoken Interaction. London: Longman Group UK Limited.
34. Subon, F. (2013). Gender Differences in the Use of Linguistic Forms in the Speech of Men and Women in the Malaysian Context. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 13(3), 67-79.
35. Talbot, M (1992). I Wish You’d Stop Interrupting Me: Interruptions and Asymmetries in Speaker Rights in ‘Unequal Encounters. Centre for Language in Social Life- Working Paper 21, Lancaster University.
36. Tannen, D. (1992). You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. London: Virago Press.
37. Tannen, D. (1993). Gender and Conversational Interaction. New York: Oxford University Press.
38. Xu, Y. (2009). Gender Differences in Mixed-Sex Conversations: A Study of Interruptions. Retrieved from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:303562/FULLTEXT02
39. West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1975). Sex Role, Interruptions, and Silence in Conversation. In B. Thorne & N. Henley (Eds.), Language and Sex (105-129). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
40. West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1983). Small Insults: A Study of Interruptions in Cross-Sex Conversations between Unacquainted Persons. In B. Thorne, C. Kramarae, & N. Henley (Eds.) Language, Gender and Society. Cambridge, MA: Newbury House.
منشور
2022-11-15
كيفية الاقتباس
Ibtesam AbdulAziz Bajri. (2022). Gender Differences in the Use of Linguistic Forms in the Speech of Men and Women in the Saudi Context. Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, (85), 199-214. https://doi.org/10.33193/JALHSS.85.2022.753
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