The Impact of Social Power and Social Distance on the Request Strategies Employed by Saudi Learners and Teachers of English as a Foreign Language
الكلمات المفتاحية:
Speech acts, Requests, Saudi EFL learners, Social power, Social distance
الملخص
This study examines the effects of the social power and distance on the strategies employed by Saudi learners and teachers of EFL in performing the speech act of requests. The participants of this study are twenty-five students and nine teachers at the university of Jeddah. All of them are Saudi females. The instrument of data collection was a Discourse Completion Task (DCT). The results of the study revealed that the conventional indirect strategies are the most used ones by the participants followed by the direct strategies. The results also showed that the choice of the request strategies was based on the relationships between the interlocutors as most of the requests were influenced by the social power and social distance factors. It is hoped that this study will facilitate the acquisition of English pragmatics by Arab learners of English and ease communication not only inside the English classrooms but also with native speakers of English.
المراجع
1. Al-Adaileh, B. (2007). The speech act of apology: A linguistic exploration of politeness orientation in British and Jordanian culture. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Leeds, UK.
2. Al-Ammar, M. (2000). The linguistic strategies and realizations of request Behaviour in spoken English and Arabic among Saudi female English majors at Riyadh College of Arts. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Riyadh: King Saud University.
3. Al-Gahtani, S., & Alkahtani, S. (2012). Request strategies by second language learners of English: Pre- and post-head act strategies. Studies in Literature and Language, 5(2), 16-28. DOI: 10.3968/j.sll.1923156320120502.827
4. Al-Otaibi, S. (2015). Saudi EFL students’ knowledge in pragmatics - making requests. Arab World English Journal, 6(2), 302-315.
5. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no2.23
6. Blum-Kulka, S. (1982a). Learning how to say what you mean in the second language: A study of speech act performance of learners of Hebrew as a second language. Applied Linguistics, 3, 29-59. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/3.1.29
7. Blum-Kulka, S. (1982b). Performing speech acts in a second language. In S. Blum-Kulka, R. Nir, & Y. Tobin (Eds.), Issues in the study of discourse (pp. 144-177) Jerusalem: Academon.
8. Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989) Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
9. Crystal, D. (2008). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (6th ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. USA.
10. Fitriyani, S., & Andriyanti, E. (2020). Teacher and students’ politeness strategies in EFL classroom interactions. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 259-273. www.ijeltal.org
11. Golato, A. (2003). Studying compliment responses: A comparison of DCTs and recordings of natu- rally occurring talk. Applied Linguistics, 24(1), 90–121.
12. Karimkhanlooei, G., & Vaezi, N. (2017). Politeness strategies in written communications: The issue of Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Language and cultural Education, 5(3), 108-126. https://doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2017-0031
13. Kasper, G. (2000). Data collection in pragmatics research. In H. Spencer-Oatey (Ed.), Culturally speaking (pp. 316-341). London: Continuum.
14. Krish, P., & Salman, Q. (2016). Politeness in e-mail communication among Arab postgraduate students in a Malaysian public university. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 11(2), 174-198.
15. Kuhi, D., & Jadidi, M. (2012). A study of Iranian EFL learners’ understanding and production of politeness in three speech acts: Requests, refusal, and apology. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(12), 2624-2633. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.12.2624-2633
16. Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
17. Megaiab, M., Wijana, D., & Munandar, A. (2019). Politeness strategies of request used between Libyan students and their lecturers using English as a foreign language. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation (IJLLT), 2(4), 203-212. Available at: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED597381
18. Meier, A. (1997). Teaching the universals of politeness. ELT Journal, 51(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/51.1.21
19. Qari, I. (2017). Politeness study of requests and apologies as produced by Saudi Hijazi, EFL learners, and British English university students. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Roehampton, UK.
20. Qari, I. (2021). The effect of explicit instruction of requests on Saudi EFL learners using a pre-test, post-test approach. Arab World English Journal, 12(1), 113-127. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no1.8
21. Rubin, J. (1989). How learner strategies can inform language teaching. In V. Bickley (Ed.), Proceedings from language use, language teaching and curriculum (LULTAC). Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
22. Scarcella, R., & Brunak, J. (1981). On speaking politely in a second language. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 27, 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1981.27.59
23. Searle, J. (1969). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Searle, J. (1976). A classification of illocutionary acts. Language in Society, 5(1), 1-23.
2. Al-Ammar, M. (2000). The linguistic strategies and realizations of request Behaviour in spoken English and Arabic among Saudi female English majors at Riyadh College of Arts. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Riyadh: King Saud University.
3. Al-Gahtani, S., & Alkahtani, S. (2012). Request strategies by second language learners of English: Pre- and post-head act strategies. Studies in Literature and Language, 5(2), 16-28. DOI: 10.3968/j.sll.1923156320120502.827
4. Al-Otaibi, S. (2015). Saudi EFL students’ knowledge in pragmatics - making requests. Arab World English Journal, 6(2), 302-315.
5. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no2.23
6. Blum-Kulka, S. (1982a). Learning how to say what you mean in the second language: A study of speech act performance of learners of Hebrew as a second language. Applied Linguistics, 3, 29-59. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/3.1.29
7. Blum-Kulka, S. (1982b). Performing speech acts in a second language. In S. Blum-Kulka, R. Nir, & Y. Tobin (Eds.), Issues in the study of discourse (pp. 144-177) Jerusalem: Academon.
8. Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989) Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
9. Crystal, D. (2008). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (6th ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. USA.
10. Fitriyani, S., & Andriyanti, E. (2020). Teacher and students’ politeness strategies in EFL classroom interactions. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 259-273. www.ijeltal.org
11. Golato, A. (2003). Studying compliment responses: A comparison of DCTs and recordings of natu- rally occurring talk. Applied Linguistics, 24(1), 90–121.
12. Karimkhanlooei, G., & Vaezi, N. (2017). Politeness strategies in written communications: The issue of Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Language and cultural Education, 5(3), 108-126. https://doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2017-0031
13. Kasper, G. (2000). Data collection in pragmatics research. In H. Spencer-Oatey (Ed.), Culturally speaking (pp. 316-341). London: Continuum.
14. Krish, P., & Salman, Q. (2016). Politeness in e-mail communication among Arab postgraduate students in a Malaysian public university. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 11(2), 174-198.
15. Kuhi, D., & Jadidi, M. (2012). A study of Iranian EFL learners’ understanding and production of politeness in three speech acts: Requests, refusal, and apology. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(12), 2624-2633. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.12.2624-2633
16. Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
17. Megaiab, M., Wijana, D., & Munandar, A. (2019). Politeness strategies of request used between Libyan students and their lecturers using English as a foreign language. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation (IJLLT), 2(4), 203-212. Available at: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED597381
18. Meier, A. (1997). Teaching the universals of politeness. ELT Journal, 51(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/51.1.21
19. Qari, I. (2017). Politeness study of requests and apologies as produced by Saudi Hijazi, EFL learners, and British English university students. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Roehampton, UK.
20. Qari, I. (2021). The effect of explicit instruction of requests on Saudi EFL learners using a pre-test, post-test approach. Arab World English Journal, 12(1), 113-127. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no1.8
21. Rubin, J. (1989). How learner strategies can inform language teaching. In V. Bickley (Ed.), Proceedings from language use, language teaching and curriculum (LULTAC). Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.
22. Scarcella, R., & Brunak, J. (1981). On speaking politely in a second language. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 27, 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1981.27.59
23. Searle, J. (1969). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Searle, J. (1976). A classification of illocutionary acts. Language in Society, 5(1), 1-23.
منشور
2022-05-01
كيفية الاقتباس
Hassan Saleem Alqurashi. (2022). The Impact of Social Power and Social Distance on the Request Strategies Employed by Saudi Learners and Teachers of English as a Foreign Language. Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, (78), 198-213. https://doi.org/10.33193/JALHSS.78.2022.664
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