Security, Political Economic and Social Challenges in Nigeria for the period (2010-2018)
الكلمات المفتاحية:
Security, Political Economic, Social Challenges, Nigeria
الملخص
Nigeria suffers from economic, social and political challenges, and economic challenges were represented by dependence on one resource (oil), rampant corruption in all the joints of the state, and the high rate of unemployment and poverty. As for the social challenges, they were represented by conflicts between the northern and southern regions (Muslims - Christians) over who would lead the country. Also tribal conflicts over wealth, while political challenges were represented by the absence of political participation and the emergence of terrorist movements, as well as the struggle between political parties over power with one party dominating the joints of the state.
المراجع
Reference
1.Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group , Nigeria Presidential and National Assembly Elections 28 March 2015, UK , 2015.
2. Jideofor Adibe: The 2015 Presidential Elections in Nigeria – The Issues and Challenges -, Journal of African Foreign Affair , The Brookings Institution , USA , Vol.2 , No.1, 2015.
3.Looking at Amir Saeed: Nigeria - The Map and the Compass - Afrikaans Reading Magazine, Islamic Forum, London, Issue 5, 2010.
4. Lauren Ploch: Report on Nigeria's 2015 General Elections 28 March and 11 April 2015, The Nigeria Civil Society Situation Room, Policy and Legal Advocacy Center, Nigeria, 2015.
5. General Elections in Nigeria 2011, Al Jazeera, on the website:
https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/events/2011/8/11/
6.Falade : Political Participation in Nigerian Democracy – A Study of Some Selected Local Government Areas in Ondo State , Nigeria -, Global Journal of Human – Social Science, Global Journals Inc., USA , Vol.14 , No.8 , 2014.
7. Muddassir Ahmad Gado and Sanusi Abdulwasiu : Challenges Militating against Reform Policy , Economic Growth and Development in Nigeria – Reflections on The Transformation Agenda of Good luck Jonathan's Administration-,Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences , Scholars Middle East Publishers , United Arab Emirates , Vol.2, No.8 , 2017.
8. Oladayo Nathaniel Awojobi : Cultivating Policy for Development in Nigeria – An Appraisal of President Good luck Jonathan's Transformation Agenda (2011-2014)-,International Research Journal of Humanities ,Engineering and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Association for Innovation , India , Vol.1,No.9,2015.
9. Blessing Thom Otuya : President Goodluk Jonathan's Transformation Agenda and Nigeria's Foreign Policy , Journal Social Science Review , a not-for-pro it organization , USA , Vol.1, No.1, 2015.
10. Daniel Egiegba Agiboa : The Evolution of Democratic Politics and Current Security Challenges in Nigeria – Retrospect and Prospecy -, Journal Democracy and Security , Taylor and Francis , 2013 .
11. Love Arugu and Comrade John Kalama Mnim : Leadership and The Challenges in Nigeria – An Assessment of President Good luck Ebele Jonathan Administrative Style -, International Journal in Advanced Research in Social Engineering and Development Strategies , Science Publishing Corporation , United Arab Emirates , Vol.2, No.1 , 2014.
12. Kia Bariledum and Others : Foreign Democratic Assistance To Nigeria (1999-2015) - The Nexus Between Strategy and Election Result -, Global Journal of Political Science and Administration , European Center for Research Training and Development , UK , Vol.4 , No.4 , 2016.
13. Alexander Omotayo Bandipo : The role of The New Media in The Electioneering Process of Developing Nations - A Case Study of Nigeria 2015 - , Master Thesis (Not Published) , Faculty of Arts , University of Malta , Malta , 2016.
14. Remi Chukwudi Okeke : The Jonathan administration in Nigeria – A Postmortem Study and lessons for dictators in Africa -, World Scientific News , Darwin , Poland , Vol.70, No.2 , 2017.
15. Sami El-Sayed Ahmed: Political Issues in Africa - The Second African Strategic Report (2014-2015) -, Center for African Research and Studies, International Africa University, Cairo, 2016.
16. Okechukwu Eme and Tony Onyishi: The Presidency and Cost of Governance in Nigeria - A Case of Jonathan's Administration -, Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, American University of Kuwait and Zainab Arabian Research Society for Multidisciplinary issues, United Arab Emirate, Vol. 3 , No. 2, 2013.
17.European Union Election Observation Mission, Final Report on the National Assembly, Presidential, Gubernatorial and State Houses of Assembly Elections, Nigeria, 2003.
18.Alexander Thurston : Background to Nigeria's 2015 Elections , USA , the CSIS Africa Program, 2015.
19. Mojeed Adekunle Animashaun : Nigeria 2015 Presidential Election – The Votes , The Fears and The Regime Change , Journal of African Elections , Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa , South Africa , Vol.14, No.2, 2015.
20. Ladi Hamalai , Samuel Egwu and Shola Omotola : Nigeria's 2015 General Elections – Continuity and Change in Electoral Democracy -, Library of Congress , USA, 2017.
21.European Union Election Observation Mission , Final Report Federal Republic of Nigeria , 2015.
22.Hakim Najmuddin: The Nigerian Presidential Elections - Observation and History -, Qiraat Afriqiyah Magazine, The Islamic Forum, London, Issue 25,2015.
23.Hakim Najmuddin: The Nigerian Presidential Elections - Monitoring and History -, a previously mentioned source.
24. Kuwait Transparency Society: Corruption Perceptions Index 2016, Transparency International, 2017.
25. European Union Election Observation Mission , Final Report Federal Republic of Nigeria , 2015.
26. Abdulhamid Ozohu Suleiman :Democracy, good governance and development in Nigeria , Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research , University of Abuja , Nigeria , Vol.8, No.7, 2016.
27. Macaulay Akpan and Michael Eyo : Anti – Corruption War Under President Muhammadu Buhari in Nigeria – The Arsenal ,Casualties, Victories and Corruption Perception Appraisal -, Global Journal of Politics and Law Research , European Center for Research Training and Development , UK , Vol.6, No.3, 2018.
28. Freedom Onoha and Samuel Oywole: Boko Haram - The dynamics of the rise and fall of a violent group in Nigeria - Al-Jazeera, p. 5, available on the website.
https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2018/4/25
29. Taiwo J.N and Agwu M.E : Problems and Prospects of Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Nigeria , International Journal of Business and Management Review , European Center for Research Training and Development , UK , Vol.4,No.6 , 2016.
30.John Paden : Muhammadu Buhari – The Challenges of Leadership in Nigeria -, Journal of International and Global Studies , Center for African and Asian Studies , Nigeria , 2016 , Vol.10, No.1.
31.Idayat Hassan : Matching Campaign Promises , Public Expectations and Government Actions in The First Year of President Muhammadu Buhar's Government , Nigeria ,Center for Democracy and Development , 2016.
32.Mohammed Yamma Abdullahi and Yahuza Lzom Danjuma : Assessment of Value Based Leadership Style of President Muhammadu Buhari (2015-2018) , Research Journal of Humanities , Legal Studies and International Development , Center for Promoting Ideas , USA , Vol.3, No.1, 2019.
33.Erepamo Osaisai : Country Nuclear Power Profiles 2018 Edition , The Federal Republic of Nigeria , Austria , International Atomic Energy Agency ,2018.
34.Joy Uyo Ata – Agboni and Beluchi Nwanisobi : Economic Recovery Programmes of Buharl's Administration As Developmental Stage Paradigm ,International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research ,Research Center for Management and Social Studies , India , Vol. 5, No.1 , 2019.
35. Musa Hyelladzira Wakawa: Causes of Nigeria's Recession – Uneclpsing The Blame on The Previons Administration -, SSRN Papers , 24 Apr 2018. On The link :
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3157154
36. Pallavi Roy : Ant – Corrupton in Nigeria – A political setlements analysis - , UK , University of London , 2017.
37. Dickson Monday and Ezirim Gerald : The Political Economy of Recession in Nigeria's Fourth Republic , African Journal of Political Science and International Relations , Academic Journals , Vol.11 , No.7 , 2017.
38. IIesanmi Akanmidu Paul : A Historical Perspective of Petroleum on Nigeria's Economic Crisis Since Independence , Global Journal of Human – Social Science, Global Journals Inc., USA , Vol.15, No.2 , 2015.
39. Lucky Ujuju and Godday Oboro: The Nigeria Debt Structure and its Effects on Economic, International Journal of Business and Management Review, European Center for Research Training and Development, UK, Vol.5, No. 10, 2017.
40. Adams Oluwadamilola Kemi: Nigeria's Economy Challenges – Causes and Way Forward -, Journal of Economics and Finance , International Organization of Scientific Research , India , Vol.10 , No.2, 2019.
41. Lauren Ploch Blanchard and Tomas Husted : Nigeria – Current Issues and U.S. Policy -, USA , Congressional Research Service , 2019.
42. Robert Dode : The Political Economy of Resource Curse and the Niger Delta Crisis in Nigeria – Matters Arising -, European Journal of Sustainable Development , Science and Public Administration University of UYO , Nigeria , Vol.1 , No.2 ,2012.
43. Cordelia Onyinyechi Omodero and Ogechi Eberechi Alpheaus : The Effect of Foreign Debt on the Economic Growth of Nigeria , Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy , Faculty of Management Studies – University of Delhi , India , Vol.7 , No.3, 2019.
44. Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Handbook of World Statistics, Statistics Division Journal, New York, Issue 42, 2018.
45.Zhenbo Hou and Others : The Oil Price Shock of 2014 , London , Overseas Development Institute , 2014.
46. Freedom C. Onoha et al .: Political, Economic and Security Challenges Facing President Buhari, Al-Jazeera, on the website.
https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/reports/2015/07/7
47. Hakim Najmuddin: After Muhammad Bukhari announces his candidacy - Will the Nigerian elections 2019 witness surprises - African Readings, 2018, available on the website.
https://www.qiraatafrican.com/index.php/home/category/5?page=10
48. Mbalisi Onyeka Festus :Energy Crisis and Its Effects on National Development – The Need For Environmental Education in Nigeria - , British Journal of Education , European Center for Research Training and Development , UK , Vol.3 , No.1 , 2015.
49. Eghosa Osa Ekhator : Public Regulation of the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria – An Evaluation -, Journal Annual Survey of International and Comparative Law , Golden Gate University School of Law, USA , Vol.21 , No.1 , 2016.
50. Agaptus Nwozor and Segun Oshewolo : Election Governance and Consolidation in Nigeria – An Assessment of The 2011 and 2015 Presidential Elections -,UNIUYO Journal of Humanities , Faculty of Arts , University of Uyo , Nigeria , Vol.21 , No.2 ,2017.
51. Atanda Abdulwaheed Isiaq, Oluwashina Moruf Adebiyi and Adebola Rafiu Bakare: Ethnicity and Election Outcomes in Nigeria - Interrogating the 2015 Presidential Election -, Journal of African Elections, Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa, Southern Africa, Vol.17, No. 1, 2018.
52. Lansana Gberie: The 2011 Elections in Nigeria - a new dawn -, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies, 2011.
53. Lauren Ploch: Report on Nigeria's 2015 General Elections 28 March and 11 April 2015, The Nigeria Civil Society Situation Room, Policy and Legal Advocacy Center, Nigeria, 2015.
54. Lauren Ploch: Nigeria - Elections and Issues for Congress -, Nigeria, Congressional Research Service, 2011.
55. Nkwachukwu Orji: The 2015 Nigerian General Elections, Journal Africa Spectrum, German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Germany, Vol.50, No. 2, 2015.
56. Nigeria House of Representatives, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2015, On the link:
http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2363_E.htm
57. Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index 2018, Germany, 2019.
58. Transparency International: Corruption perceptions index, Germany, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017.
59.Esekumemu Victor Clark : The Politics of Oil in Nigeria – Transparency and Accountability for Sustainable Development in the Niger Delta -, American International Journal of Contemporary Research , Center for Promoting Ideas , USA , Vol.6 , No.4 , 2016 .
60. Samson Edo and Augustine Ikelegbe :The Nigerian Economy – Reforms , Emerging Trends and Prospects -, Nigeria , Center for Population and Environmental Development , 2014.
61. Crude Oil Price (US$/Barrel), Production (mbd)and Export (mbd): Central Bank of Nigeria , Abuja , Nigeria , On the link:https://www. cbn.gov.ng /rates/ crude oil .asp /2020 /6/6
1.Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group , Nigeria Presidential and National Assembly Elections 28 March 2015, UK , 2015.
2. Jideofor Adibe: The 2015 Presidential Elections in Nigeria – The Issues and Challenges -, Journal of African Foreign Affair , The Brookings Institution , USA , Vol.2 , No.1, 2015.
3.Looking at Amir Saeed: Nigeria - The Map and the Compass - Afrikaans Reading Magazine, Islamic Forum, London, Issue 5, 2010.
4. Lauren Ploch: Report on Nigeria's 2015 General Elections 28 March and 11 April 2015, The Nigeria Civil Society Situation Room, Policy and Legal Advocacy Center, Nigeria, 2015.
5. General Elections in Nigeria 2011, Al Jazeera, on the website:
https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/events/2011/8/11/
6.Falade : Political Participation in Nigerian Democracy – A Study of Some Selected Local Government Areas in Ondo State , Nigeria -, Global Journal of Human – Social Science, Global Journals Inc., USA , Vol.14 , No.8 , 2014.
7. Muddassir Ahmad Gado and Sanusi Abdulwasiu : Challenges Militating against Reform Policy , Economic Growth and Development in Nigeria – Reflections on The Transformation Agenda of Good luck Jonathan's Administration-,Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences , Scholars Middle East Publishers , United Arab Emirates , Vol.2, No.8 , 2017.
8. Oladayo Nathaniel Awojobi : Cultivating Policy for Development in Nigeria – An Appraisal of President Good luck Jonathan's Transformation Agenda (2011-2014)-,International Research Journal of Humanities ,Engineering and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Association for Innovation , India , Vol.1,No.9,2015.
9. Blessing Thom Otuya : President Goodluk Jonathan's Transformation Agenda and Nigeria's Foreign Policy , Journal Social Science Review , a not-for-pro it organization , USA , Vol.1, No.1, 2015.
10. Daniel Egiegba Agiboa : The Evolution of Democratic Politics and Current Security Challenges in Nigeria – Retrospect and Prospecy -, Journal Democracy and Security , Taylor and Francis , 2013 .
11. Love Arugu and Comrade John Kalama Mnim : Leadership and The Challenges in Nigeria – An Assessment of President Good luck Ebele Jonathan Administrative Style -, International Journal in Advanced Research in Social Engineering and Development Strategies , Science Publishing Corporation , United Arab Emirates , Vol.2, No.1 , 2014.
12. Kia Bariledum and Others : Foreign Democratic Assistance To Nigeria (1999-2015) - The Nexus Between Strategy and Election Result -, Global Journal of Political Science and Administration , European Center for Research Training and Development , UK , Vol.4 , No.4 , 2016.
13. Alexander Omotayo Bandipo : The role of The New Media in The Electioneering Process of Developing Nations - A Case Study of Nigeria 2015 - , Master Thesis (Not Published) , Faculty of Arts , University of Malta , Malta , 2016.
14. Remi Chukwudi Okeke : The Jonathan administration in Nigeria – A Postmortem Study and lessons for dictators in Africa -, World Scientific News , Darwin , Poland , Vol.70, No.2 , 2017.
15. Sami El-Sayed Ahmed: Political Issues in Africa - The Second African Strategic Report (2014-2015) -, Center for African Research and Studies, International Africa University, Cairo, 2016.
16. Okechukwu Eme and Tony Onyishi: The Presidency and Cost of Governance in Nigeria - A Case of Jonathan's Administration -, Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, American University of Kuwait and Zainab Arabian Research Society for Multidisciplinary issues, United Arab Emirate, Vol. 3 , No. 2, 2013.
17.European Union Election Observation Mission, Final Report on the National Assembly, Presidential, Gubernatorial and State Houses of Assembly Elections, Nigeria, 2003.
18.Alexander Thurston : Background to Nigeria's 2015 Elections , USA , the CSIS Africa Program, 2015.
19. Mojeed Adekunle Animashaun : Nigeria 2015 Presidential Election – The Votes , The Fears and The Regime Change , Journal of African Elections , Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa , South Africa , Vol.14, No.2, 2015.
20. Ladi Hamalai , Samuel Egwu and Shola Omotola : Nigeria's 2015 General Elections – Continuity and Change in Electoral Democracy -, Library of Congress , USA, 2017.
21.European Union Election Observation Mission , Final Report Federal Republic of Nigeria , 2015.
22.Hakim Najmuddin: The Nigerian Presidential Elections - Observation and History -, Qiraat Afriqiyah Magazine, The Islamic Forum, London, Issue 25,2015.
23.Hakim Najmuddin: The Nigerian Presidential Elections - Monitoring and History -, a previously mentioned source.
24. Kuwait Transparency Society: Corruption Perceptions Index 2016, Transparency International, 2017.
25. European Union Election Observation Mission , Final Report Federal Republic of Nigeria , 2015.
26. Abdulhamid Ozohu Suleiman :Democracy, good governance and development in Nigeria , Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research , University of Abuja , Nigeria , Vol.8, No.7, 2016.
27. Macaulay Akpan and Michael Eyo : Anti – Corruption War Under President Muhammadu Buhari in Nigeria – The Arsenal ,Casualties, Victories and Corruption Perception Appraisal -, Global Journal of Politics and Law Research , European Center for Research Training and Development , UK , Vol.6, No.3, 2018.
28. Freedom Onoha and Samuel Oywole: Boko Haram - The dynamics of the rise and fall of a violent group in Nigeria - Al-Jazeera, p. 5, available on the website.
https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2018/4/25
29. Taiwo J.N and Agwu M.E : Problems and Prospects of Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Nigeria , International Journal of Business and Management Review , European Center for Research Training and Development , UK , Vol.4,No.6 , 2016.
30.John Paden : Muhammadu Buhari – The Challenges of Leadership in Nigeria -, Journal of International and Global Studies , Center for African and Asian Studies , Nigeria , 2016 , Vol.10, No.1.
31.Idayat Hassan : Matching Campaign Promises , Public Expectations and Government Actions in The First Year of President Muhammadu Buhar's Government , Nigeria ,Center for Democracy and Development , 2016.
32.Mohammed Yamma Abdullahi and Yahuza Lzom Danjuma : Assessment of Value Based Leadership Style of President Muhammadu Buhari (2015-2018) , Research Journal of Humanities , Legal Studies and International Development , Center for Promoting Ideas , USA , Vol.3, No.1, 2019.
33.Erepamo Osaisai : Country Nuclear Power Profiles 2018 Edition , The Federal Republic of Nigeria , Austria , International Atomic Energy Agency ,2018.
34.Joy Uyo Ata – Agboni and Beluchi Nwanisobi : Economic Recovery Programmes of Buharl's Administration As Developmental Stage Paradigm ,International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research ,Research Center for Management and Social Studies , India , Vol. 5, No.1 , 2019.
35. Musa Hyelladzira Wakawa: Causes of Nigeria's Recession – Uneclpsing The Blame on The Previons Administration -, SSRN Papers , 24 Apr 2018. On The link :
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3157154
36. Pallavi Roy : Ant – Corrupton in Nigeria – A political setlements analysis - , UK , University of London , 2017.
37. Dickson Monday and Ezirim Gerald : The Political Economy of Recession in Nigeria's Fourth Republic , African Journal of Political Science and International Relations , Academic Journals , Vol.11 , No.7 , 2017.
38. IIesanmi Akanmidu Paul : A Historical Perspective of Petroleum on Nigeria's Economic Crisis Since Independence , Global Journal of Human – Social Science, Global Journals Inc., USA , Vol.15, No.2 , 2015.
39. Lucky Ujuju and Godday Oboro: The Nigeria Debt Structure and its Effects on Economic, International Journal of Business and Management Review, European Center for Research Training and Development, UK, Vol.5, No. 10, 2017.
40. Adams Oluwadamilola Kemi: Nigeria's Economy Challenges – Causes and Way Forward -, Journal of Economics and Finance , International Organization of Scientific Research , India , Vol.10 , No.2, 2019.
41. Lauren Ploch Blanchard and Tomas Husted : Nigeria – Current Issues and U.S. Policy -, USA , Congressional Research Service , 2019.
42. Robert Dode : The Political Economy of Resource Curse and the Niger Delta Crisis in Nigeria – Matters Arising -, European Journal of Sustainable Development , Science and Public Administration University of UYO , Nigeria , Vol.1 , No.2 ,2012.
43. Cordelia Onyinyechi Omodero and Ogechi Eberechi Alpheaus : The Effect of Foreign Debt on the Economic Growth of Nigeria , Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy , Faculty of Management Studies – University of Delhi , India , Vol.7 , No.3, 2019.
44. Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Handbook of World Statistics, Statistics Division Journal, New York, Issue 42, 2018.
45.Zhenbo Hou and Others : The Oil Price Shock of 2014 , London , Overseas Development Institute , 2014.
46. Freedom C. Onoha et al .: Political, Economic and Security Challenges Facing President Buhari, Al-Jazeera, on the website.
https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/reports/2015/07/7
47. Hakim Najmuddin: After Muhammad Bukhari announces his candidacy - Will the Nigerian elections 2019 witness surprises - African Readings, 2018, available on the website.
https://www.qiraatafrican.com/index.php/home/category/5?page=10
48. Mbalisi Onyeka Festus :Energy Crisis and Its Effects on National Development – The Need For Environmental Education in Nigeria - , British Journal of Education , European Center for Research Training and Development , UK , Vol.3 , No.1 , 2015.
49. Eghosa Osa Ekhator : Public Regulation of the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria – An Evaluation -, Journal Annual Survey of International and Comparative Law , Golden Gate University School of Law, USA , Vol.21 , No.1 , 2016.
50. Agaptus Nwozor and Segun Oshewolo : Election Governance and Consolidation in Nigeria – An Assessment of The 2011 and 2015 Presidential Elections -,UNIUYO Journal of Humanities , Faculty of Arts , University of Uyo , Nigeria , Vol.21 , No.2 ,2017.
51. Atanda Abdulwaheed Isiaq, Oluwashina Moruf Adebiyi and Adebola Rafiu Bakare: Ethnicity and Election Outcomes in Nigeria - Interrogating the 2015 Presidential Election -, Journal of African Elections, Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa, Southern Africa, Vol.17, No. 1, 2018.
52. Lansana Gberie: The 2011 Elections in Nigeria - a new dawn -, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies, 2011.
53. Lauren Ploch: Report on Nigeria's 2015 General Elections 28 March and 11 April 2015, The Nigeria Civil Society Situation Room, Policy and Legal Advocacy Center, Nigeria, 2015.
54. Lauren Ploch: Nigeria - Elections and Issues for Congress -, Nigeria, Congressional Research Service, 2011.
55. Nkwachukwu Orji: The 2015 Nigerian General Elections, Journal Africa Spectrum, German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Germany, Vol.50, No. 2, 2015.
56. Nigeria House of Representatives, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2015, On the link:
http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2363_E.htm
57. Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index 2018, Germany, 2019.
58. Transparency International: Corruption perceptions index, Germany, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017.
59.Esekumemu Victor Clark : The Politics of Oil in Nigeria – Transparency and Accountability for Sustainable Development in the Niger Delta -, American International Journal of Contemporary Research , Center for Promoting Ideas , USA , Vol.6 , No.4 , 2016 .
60. Samson Edo and Augustine Ikelegbe :The Nigerian Economy – Reforms , Emerging Trends and Prospects -, Nigeria , Center for Population and Environmental Development , 2014.
61. Crude Oil Price (US$/Barrel), Production (mbd)and Export (mbd): Central Bank of Nigeria , Abuja , Nigeria , On the link:https://www. cbn.gov.ng /rates/ crude oil .asp /2020 /6/6
منشور
2020-10-08
كيفية الاقتباس
Ruqia Mohammed Mahmood, & Prof. Dr. Taha Hameed Hasan Al-Anbaky. (2020). Security, Political Economic and Social Challenges in Nigeria for the period (2010-2018). Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, (59), 466-490. https://doi.org/10.33193/JALHSS.59.2020.300
إصدار
القسم
المقالات
