Media Coverage of Qatar’s Hosting of the World Cup 2022
(A Content Analysis of News Reports Posted on websites representing the neighboring Gulf States from 2016-2018)
الكلمات المفتاحية:
Qatar 2022 World Cup, Gulf States media, regional media coverage, Arab countries Arab News content analysis
الملخص
This study conducts a descriptive content analysis of media coverage from the Gulf States—Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Oman—regarding Qatar's 2022 FIFA World Cup hosting. By analyzing sixty news articles retrieved from five popular news websites, Riyadh Daily, Saudi Gazette, The National, Kuwait Times, and Oman Observer, the study analyzed how these countries construct Qatar's capability to host the event in terms of economy, politics, socials, health, foreign relations, and environment from 2016 to 2018. This analysis uses the Chi-Square test and Krippendorff's Alpha to guarantee the validity and reliability of the research findings and convey an understanding of the media environment in the Gulf states and their effects on regional relations.
المراجع
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3. BeIN Media Group. (2018). about the group. Retrieved from
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6. Brannagan, P. M., & Rookwood, J. (2016). Sports mega-events, soft power and soft disempowerment: international supporters’ perspectives on Qatar’s acquisition of the 2022 FIFA World Cup finals. International journal of sport policy and politics, 8(2), 173-188. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19406940.2016.1150868
7. Bronson, R. (2006). Thicker than oil: America's uneasy partnership with Saudi Arabia. Oxford University Press.
8. Cherkaoui, T. (2018). Qatar’s public diplomacy, international broadcasting, and the Gulf Crisis. Rising Powers Quarterly, 3(3), 127-149. https://rpquarterly.kureselcalismalar.com/quarterly/qatars-public-diplomacy-international-broadcasting-and-the-gulf-crisis/
9. Fromherz, A. J. (2017). Qatar: The Rise to Power and Influence. London, UK: I.B. Tauris.
10. Henderson, J. C. (2014). Hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup: opportunities and challenges for Qatar. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 19(3-4), 281-298. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14775085.2015.1133316
11. Kozman, C., & Liu, L. (2024). Sports News in Five Arab Countries: A Comparative Study of Journalistic Role Performance Across Platforms and Sources. Communication & Sport, 21674795241231004. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/21674795241231004
12. Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
13. Panja, T. (2018, May 18). Saudi Arabia Emerges as Key Power Player in Soccer. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/18/sports/saudi-arabia-fifa-world-cup.html
14. Papanikos, G. T. (2023). The Global Media Coverage of the 2022 Qatar World Football Cup. Athens Journal of Sports, 10(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-2-4
15. Qaed, A. A. (2022, November 1). FIFA 2022 Qatar and Building Bridges in the Gulf. Gulf International Forum. https://gulfif.org/fifa-2022-qatar-and-building-bridges-in-the-gulf/
16. Rookwood, J. (2019). Access, security and diplomacy: Perceptions of soft power, nation branding and the organisational challenges facing Qatar’s 2022 FIFA World Cup. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 9(1), 26-44. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/SBM-02-2018-0016/full/html
17. Swart, K., & Hussain, U. (2023). FIFA 2022 World Cup in Qatar: Under the Gaze of Western Media. Palgrave Series of Sport in Asia, 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0011-4_9
18. Ulrichsen, K. C. (2020). Qatar and the Gulf crisis. Oxford University Press, USA. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jqXaDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=News+Reports+Posted+on+websites+of+Gulf+States+from+2016-2018+about+qatar+world+cup&ots=Ns-Yw6ecq5&sig=CI2ZStaQGBHBABFcZZ61Rr4xSHc
19. Ulrichsen, K. C. (2014). Qatar and the Arab Spring. London, UK: Oxford University Press.
20. Vaughan, G. O., Al-Mansoori, N., & Burt, J. A. (2019). The arabian gulf. In World seas: An environmental evaluation (pp. 1-23). Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081008539000014
21. Zahlan, R. S. (1989). The Making of the Modern Gulf States. London, UK: Unwin Hyman.
2. BBC. (2022). How global media judged Qatar World Cup. BBC Sport. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64038338
3. BeIN Media Group. (2018). about the group. Retrieved from
4. https://www.beinmediagroup.com/the-group/
5. Black, I. (2019). Just below the surface: Israel, the Arab Gulf States and the limits of cooperation. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/100313
6. Brannagan, P. M., & Rookwood, J. (2016). Sports mega-events, soft power and soft disempowerment: international supporters’ perspectives on Qatar’s acquisition of the 2022 FIFA World Cup finals. International journal of sport policy and politics, 8(2), 173-188. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19406940.2016.1150868
7. Bronson, R. (2006). Thicker than oil: America's uneasy partnership with Saudi Arabia. Oxford University Press.
8. Cherkaoui, T. (2018). Qatar’s public diplomacy, international broadcasting, and the Gulf Crisis. Rising Powers Quarterly, 3(3), 127-149. https://rpquarterly.kureselcalismalar.com/quarterly/qatars-public-diplomacy-international-broadcasting-and-the-gulf-crisis/
9. Fromherz, A. J. (2017). Qatar: The Rise to Power and Influence. London, UK: I.B. Tauris.
10. Henderson, J. C. (2014). Hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup: opportunities and challenges for Qatar. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 19(3-4), 281-298. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14775085.2015.1133316
11. Kozman, C., & Liu, L. (2024). Sports News in Five Arab Countries: A Comparative Study of Journalistic Role Performance Across Platforms and Sources. Communication & Sport, 21674795241231004. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/21674795241231004
12. Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
13. Panja, T. (2018, May 18). Saudi Arabia Emerges as Key Power Player in Soccer. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/18/sports/saudi-arabia-fifa-world-cup.html
14. Papanikos, G. T. (2023). The Global Media Coverage of the 2022 Qatar World Football Cup. Athens Journal of Sports, 10(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-2-4
15. Qaed, A. A. (2022, November 1). FIFA 2022 Qatar and Building Bridges in the Gulf. Gulf International Forum. https://gulfif.org/fifa-2022-qatar-and-building-bridges-in-the-gulf/
16. Rookwood, J. (2019). Access, security and diplomacy: Perceptions of soft power, nation branding and the organisational challenges facing Qatar’s 2022 FIFA World Cup. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 9(1), 26-44. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/SBM-02-2018-0016/full/html
17. Swart, K., & Hussain, U. (2023). FIFA 2022 World Cup in Qatar: Under the Gaze of Western Media. Palgrave Series of Sport in Asia, 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0011-4_9
18. Ulrichsen, K. C. (2020). Qatar and the Gulf crisis. Oxford University Press, USA. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jqXaDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=News+Reports+Posted+on+websites+of+Gulf+States+from+2016-2018+about+qatar+world+cup&ots=Ns-Yw6ecq5&sig=CI2ZStaQGBHBABFcZZ61Rr4xSHc
19. Ulrichsen, K. C. (2014). Qatar and the Arab Spring. London, UK: Oxford University Press.
20. Vaughan, G. O., Al-Mansoori, N., & Burt, J. A. (2019). The arabian gulf. In World seas: An environmental evaluation (pp. 1-23). Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081008539000014
21. Zahlan, R. S. (1989). The Making of the Modern Gulf States. London, UK: Unwin Hyman.
منشور
2025-02-17
كيفية الاقتباس
Hessah Fahd Alhugbani. (2025). Media Coverage of Qatar’s Hosting of the World Cup 2022: (A Content Analysis of News Reports Posted on websites representing the neighboring Gulf States from 2016-2018). Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, (117), 547-558. https://doi.org/10.33193/JALHSS.117.2025.1363
إصدار
القسم
المقالات
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Hessah Fahd Alhugbani
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